Dictionary of Cartography and Geography Terms
Geography-related terms are frequently encountered in our daily lives, and memorizing their meanings can be challenging. At Carographero, we've compiled a glossary of geography terms that explains map terms and other vocabulary.​
Here are the geography terms you will learn from A to Z:
A
Absolute Location: The location of a place determined by mathematical coordinates (latitude-longitude).
Absolute Location Map: A map showing the latitude and longitude coordinates of specific points.
Agglomeration: Concentration of population in a certain centre.
Agricultural Area Map: Shows the distribution of areas suitable for agriculture and used.
Agricultural Land Distribution Map: Geographic representation of land suitable for agriculture.
Air currents: Wind and moving air masses in the atmosphere.
Airflow: The way aircraft and objects react to air movement.
Air Mass: A large volume of air having specific temperature and humidity characteristics.
Air Mass Classification: Grouping of air masses in the atmosphere according to their properties.
Air Pressure Map: A map showing the regional distribution of atmospheric pressure.
Air Temperature Map: A map showing the temperature distribution in a particular area.
Albedo: The rate at which the Earth or objects reflect sunlight.
Algorithm: The computational logic used in mapping software.
Alluvial plain: A flat area formed by alluvium carried by rivers.
Alluvium: Fertile soil carried and deposited by streams.
Altimeter: A device that measures the aircraft's height above the ground.
Altimetry: The technique of measuring sea surface height.
Angular Momentum: The magnitude of rotational motion of rotating objects, depending on their mass distribution and speed.
Angular Resolution: The level of angular sharpness in satellite or radar images.
Angular Velocity: A measure of the speed at which an object rotates about a specific axis.
Anisotropy: The different properties of a material in different directions.
Anomaly: Measurement values ​​that differ from normal (gravity, magnetic, etc.).
Antenna: The system for sending and receiving signals for satellites and radars.
Anticline: Structures that rise and fold outwards in folded lands.
Antipodes: Two points on the Earth that are directly opposite each other.
Applied Cartography: Covers current data collection, analysis and map production processes.
Applied Geography: The application of geographic knowledge to daily life and planning.
Archaeoastronomy: The branch of science that studies the sky observations of ancient civilizations.
Archaeogeodesy: Geodetic measurements made on historical structures.
Asset Distribution Map: Visualization of the geographic distribution of natural and cultural elements.
Atlas: A book in which maps are systematically compiled.
Avalanche: A sudden downward slide of a snow drift.
Avalanche Line: The path along which snow masses slide.
Avalanche Risk Map: A map showing the avalanche danger in specific areas.
Average Temperature Analysis: Regional distribution of temperature values ​​during a specific period.
Average Temperature Map: Shows the geographic distribution of average temperatures over a specific time period.
B
Balance Point: A fixed point used as a reference in mapping.
Ballistics: The branch of science that studies the motion of air or objects.
Band Map: A special type of map that shows a narrow, long area.
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies used in radar and data transmission systems.
Base Map: The base map on which thematic data is processed.
Base Point: A reference point in mapping and GPS measurements.
Base Station: A communications point located for radar or air traffic control.
Basin: The large area where streams collect their waters.
Bathymetric Map: A map showing the depths of the sea and lake floor.
Bedding Zones: Distribution areas of different sedimentary rock units.
Big Data Cartography: Using large data sets in map analysis.
Binocular Vision: Two-eyed optical system for 3D mapping and imaging.
Biogeography: The branch of science that studies the geographical distribution of living things.
Biome: A collection of ecosystems with similar climatic conditions.
Block Coordinate: A measurement point that defines a specific area on a map.
Block Diagram: A three-dimensional drawing showing surface features.
Bowl Valley: A hollow valley surrounded by high lands.
Cartography: All technical and scientific processes related to map production.
C
C Band: Frequency band used in radar and satellite communications.
Center of Attraction: A place that is attractive for migration, trade, or transportation.
Circular Settlement: Arrangement of settlements in the shape of a ring according to environmental elements.
Circus: A round bowl-shaped depression formed by glacial erosion.
Cirque Topography Map: Map showing the distribution of glacial basins.
Climate: Average weather conditions observed over many years.
Climatic Map: A map showing the climate characteristics of a particular region.
Coastal Barrier: Old shorelines that remain on the coast as sea level drops.
Coastal Defence Structure: An engineering structure built to prevent coastal erosion.
Coastal Erosion: The process by which waves and currents wear away the coast.
Coastal Morphology: The structure and development of coastal landforms.
Coastal Type: Geographic structure classified according to the shape of the coast (Ria, Dalmatia, fjord, etc.).
Collision Detection: Determining the collision area by mapping or radar.
Collision Detection System: System that determines the risk of collision by radar or satellite.
Collision Risk: The possibility of a collision between air or ground vehicles.
Compass: An instrument used in determining direction and indicating magnetic north.
Conflict Area: The area where different terrain or weather movements intersect.
Conscious Land Use: Sustainable, conscious and efficient use of land.
Contour Line: A line connecting points of the same elevation.
Convex Surface: A terrain or feature whose surface bulges outward.
Coriolis Effect: deviation of motion due to Earth's rotation.
Country Border: The line that defines the sovereignty of a state.
Country Border Map: Map showing state sovereignty areas.
Cover Map: A map showing the distribution of a particular type of cover (e.g., vegetation, snow, land use).
Cover Type Map: A map showing the distribution of cover such as vegetation, snow, or land use.
Cross-reference Point: A fixed point used for comparison in maps and surveys.
Crosswind: A side wind that affects flight during flight and mapping.
Cylindrical Projection Map: Plane transfer map that provides accuracy around the equator.
Cylindrical Projection: A map drawing method that gives more accurate results around the equator.
D
Dam: An artificial reservoir created by building a dam across a stream.
Delta: A type of accumulation formed where rivers flow into the sea.
Density Measurement of Objects: Physical parameter used in land and air measurements.
Density of a Body: The density of a mass measured relative to the density of air or water.
Depression Area: A section of the Earth's crust that has collapsed for various reasons.
Depth Measurement: Determining the depth of water bodies.
Descriptive Map: A type of map used for teaching geographical concepts.
Descriptive Teaching Map: Visualizing geographic concepts for educational purposes.
Desert: An arid area with very little rainfall and sparse vegetation.
Desertification: The process by which fertile land becomes desert.
Detection Band: The specific part of the electromagnetic spectrum that satellite sensors record.
Development Analysis: The study of the growth and change processes of regions or areas.
Development Maps: Maps comparing the socioeconomic status of regions.
Development Zone: Growth areas of land or cities.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM): A digital representation of the terrain surface.
Digital Map: A map displayed or used on a computer.
Digital Terrain Model (DTM): A digitally modeled version of the land surface.
Direction: The direction followed by one place relative to another.
Direction of Object Movement: The direction of movement of air or ground vehicles.
Drainage Network: The system formed by streams in an area.
Drainage System: A water drainage network consisting of streams and ponds.
Drawing Scale: The ratio used in drawing maps and models.
Dynamic Map: A map that shows data that changes over time.
Dynamometer: An instrument used to measure force.
E
Earth's Crust: The outermost, solid, and thin layer of the Earth.
Earth's Crust Structure Map: Representation of the Earth's crust layers and geological structure.
Earthquake: A tremor resulting from the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust.
Earthquake: Sudden shaking of the earth's crust.
Earthquake Risk Map: Showing earthquake hazard areas.
Earthquake Simulation: Modeling and studying the effects of earthquakes.
Earthquake Zone: A region where seismic activity is intense.
Ecological Map: A map showing the distribution of ecosystems in a particular area.
Ecological Zoning: Ecological classification of areas according to certain criteria.
Ecosystem: The system of interactions between living things and their environment.
Ecosystem map: A map showing the distribution of ecosystems in a given area.
Elevation: The vertical distance of a point above sea level.
Elevation Map: A representation of the elevation of points on the Earth's surface above sea level.
Endemic Species: A species that lives only in a specific geographic area.
Energy Distribution Map: Display of energy densities in the region.
Energy Map: A map showing potential or existing energy resources in a region.
Energy Potential Map: Distribution of renewable energy resources in the region.
Enrichment Zone: The layer of the earth's crust where minerals accumulate.
Enrichment Zone Map: Representation of the accumulation areas of minerals in the earth's crust on a map.
Environment: The totality of natural and human elements that constitute the living space of living things.
Environmental Impact Assessment: Analysis of the effects on the environment before an activity takes place.
Environmental Map: A type of map that shows natural resources and environmental risks in an area.
Environmental Topography: The study of landforms along with their environmental effects.
Epigenetic Stream: A stream bed formed on the surface according to the structure at the bottom.
Epigenetic Valley: A type of valley that is formed on the surface but flows over different structures at the base.
Equinox: The line of latitude where the sun's rays strike the equator perpendicularly.
Erosion: The process of wearing away soil by water, wind, or ice.
Erosion Control: Methods to prevent soil and land loss.
Erosion Control Method: Techniques used to reduce soil loss.
Erosion Measurement: Detecting soil loss from land or water bodies.
Erosion Zone: Area where soil and rocks are worn away.
Euclidean Distance: It is the linear (shortest) distance between two points.
Euclidean Distance Analysis: Calculating the linear distance between points.
Euclidean Distance Map: A map that visualizes linear distances between points.
Eutrophication: Negative effects on living life as a result of excessive nutrient accumulation in water resources.
Eutrophication Map: Map showing excessive nutrient accumulation in water bodies and its effects.
Expansion: The spread of settlements or activities from a centre to the periphery.
Expansion Map: A map showing the spread of settlement or activity.
External Forces: Effects such as water, wind, glaciers, etc. that shape landforms.
External Wind: Air movement coming into the area from outside.
Extreme Climate: A climate with unusually high temperature and precipitation extremes.
Extreme Event Map: A map showing the distribution of extreme weather or natural events.
Extreme Heat Map: A map showing extreme temperature values.
F
Fairy Chimneys: Natural formations formed by the erosion of volcanic tuff by wind and water.
Fallow: A method of resting the land by leaving it uncultivated for a year.
Fallow Map: Agricultural map showing the distribution of soil resting areas.
Fault Activity: Movement and earthquakes observed along the fault line.
Fault Analysis: The study of fractures and movements in the Earth's crust.
Faulting: The displacement of rocks in the Earth's crust.
Fault Lines: Stress zones formed along fracture lines in the Earth's crust.
Fault Section: Vertical or horizontal section of a fault line.
Fault Zone: A fractured area where earthquakes and seismic movements are intense.
Fauna: The animal community in a particular area.
Feature Extraction: The process of detecting specific objects or areas from satellite images.
Feature Extraction Analysis: The study of terrain or object detection from satellite images.
Feature Map: A thematic map that highlights a specific geographic feature.
February Average: Average climate data for a region in February.
February Temperature/Precipitation Map: Geographic distribution of climate data for February.
Field Observation Analysis: Detailed examination and interpretation of field data.
Fieldwork: The process of collecting data in the field for cartography and geography.
Fjord: An indented bay formed by the filling of glacial valleys with the sea.
Fjord Region: Indented coastal areas formed by glacial action.
Flora: The natural vegetation of a given area.
Flora Map: Thematic map showing the distribution of vegetation.
Flora Zonation: Classification of areas according to their vegetation.
Flow Direction: The direction in which water or wind moves.
Flow Meter: A device used to measure stream flow.
Flow Routing: Planning flight routes based on wind and current calculations.
Fluid Dynamics: The branch of physics that studies the motion of air and water.
Fluid Mechanics: The science that explains the behavior of gases and liquids.
Föhn Effect: Climatic effect created by hot and dry winds on mountain slopes.
Föhn Wind: Dry, hot wind descending from mountain slopes.
Forest Boundary: The limit line beyond which trees cannot grow after a certain height.
Forest Boundary Map: A map showing the maximum height at which trees can grow.
Formation: A group of rock layers with specific characteristics.
Formation Measurement: Determining the properties of rock layers.
Fossil: The petrified remains of organisms that lived in the past.
Fossil Bed: An area where fossils are found in abundance.
Frequency Analysis: Numerical analysis of how often events occur.
Frequency Distribution Map: A representation of the spatial or numerical density of certain events.
Frequency Map: A map showing how often a particular event occurs.
Front: The boundary area where warm and cold air masses meet.
Frontal Map: Shows the distribution of boundary regions where air masses meet.
Frontal Precipitation: Occurs as a result of the meeting of warm and cold air masses.
G
Geodesy: The science that mathematically studies the shape and dimensions of the Earth.
Geodynamics: The branch of science that explains structural movements in the Earth's crust.
Geodynamic Zone: The area where movements in the earth's crust are intense.
Geographic Coordinate: The location of a place using latitude and longitude values.
Geoid: The true shape of the Earth, flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.
Geological Profile: Vertical section through rock and crustal layers.
Geologic Time: The chronological system that divides the Earth's history into periods.
Geologic Zone: Areas of different geologic structures in the Earth's crust.
Geology: The branch of science that studies the structure, composition, and history of the Earth's crust.
Geomagnetic Field: Earth's magnetic field.
Geomagnetic Map: Shows the regional distribution of the Earth's magnetic field.
Geomorphological Map: A map showing the distribution of landforms.
Geomorphology: Studies the formation and development of landforms.
Geophysical Measurement: Examination of the earth's crust and surface features using physical methods.
Geopolitical Map: A map showing political boundaries and geographic power relationships.
Geopolitics: The field that studies the impact of geographical factors on political power.
Geosphere: The physical sphere composed of the Earth's layers.
Geosphere Layer: One of the physical layers of the Earth.
Geostatistical Analysis: Numerical and statistical examination of geographic data.
Geostatistics: Statistical analysis of geographic data.
Geothermal Field: A region where underground temperatures are high.
Geothermal Map: A map showing the earth's heat distribution and hot zones.
GIS: Abbreviation for geographic information system software.
GIS Analysis: Numerical examination and interpretation of geographic data.
GIS Layer: The layer where data is displayed within the Geographic Information System.
Glacial Erosion: The process of erosion of land by glaciers.
Glacial Valley: A V or U-shaped valley formed by glacial action.
Glacier: A large mass of ice formed by the continuous accumulation of snow.
Global Warming Impact Map: A Map showing the regional effects of temperature increase.
GPS: Global positioning system.
GPS Coordinate Measurement: Point determination using the global positioning system.
Graben: A low-lying area formed by subsidence between two fault lines.
Graben System: A chain of low-lying areas formed by subsidence.
Gravel Bed: Accumulations of small stones transported by streams or glaciers.
Greenhouse Effect: The mechanism by which the atmosphere warms the Earth by trapping heat.
Greenhouse Effect Analysis: Study of the regional effects of the atmosphere's heat retention mechanism.
Groundwater: Freshwater resources accumulated below the earth's surface.
Groundwater Resources Map: Shows the regional distribution of groundwater.
Growth Area: In urban planning, the land area opened to new construction.
H
Hard Rock: Rocks that are resistant to external factors and are generally of magmatic origin.
Hard Rock Zones: Distribution areas of resistant rock types.
Heat Balance: Comparison of the heat coming into and going out of the Earth.
Heat Balance Model: Numerical or graphical representation of energy inputs and outputs.
Heat Island: The name given to city centers being hotter than their surroundings.
Heat Island Effect Map: Map showing temperature distribution across cities.
Heat Island Measurement: Determining temperature differences between city centers and surrounding areas.
Heat Map: A map showing the temperature distribution in a particular area.
Heat Transfer: The transfer of heat in the atmosphere (radiation, convection, conduction).
Heat Transfer Analysis: The study of energy and heat movements in the atmosphere.
High Altitude Aircraft: A type of aircraft that flies at high altitude.
Highlight Map: A type of thematic map where a specific area is highlighted.
Horizon: The imaginary line where the sky meets the ground.
Horizon Analysis: The study of the reference line for observations of terrain and landscapes.
Human Geography: The branch that studies the geographical effects of human activities.
Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air.
Humidity Distribution Map: A map showing the relative humidity distribution in a particular area.
Humidity Map: A type of map that shows the geographic distribution of relative humidity in the air.
Humus: Organic matter that provides soil fertility.
Humus Content: A measure of the amount of organic matter in the soil.
Hydrographic Network: A system of connections formed by streams and water bodies.
Hydrographic Profile: Horizontal and vertical cross-section of waterways.
Hydrography: The branch of geography that deals with seas, lakes and rivers.
Hydrological Map: A type of map that shows the distribution of water resources.
Hydrological Modelling: Simulation of water flow and reservoirs.
Hydrological Zone: A region classified according to the characteristics of water resources.
Hydrology: The branch of science that studies the physical properties and distribution of water resources.
Hypsographic Curve: Isohypse curves showing the elevations of the earth's surface.
Hypsometric Map: A map showing terrain elevations by color or lines.
Hypsometry: The measurement of terrain elevation and the representation of its distribution.
I
Igneous Rock: A type of rock formed by the cooling and solidification of magma.
Insolation Map: A map showing the intensity of sunlight an area receives.
Insolation Profile: A graph of the degree to which a land or surface receives sunlight.
Instrument Calibration: Checking the accuracy of mapping and measuring instruments.
Intensity Distribution Map: Regional representation of earthquake or wind intensity.
Intensity Map: A map showing the intensity of natural events such as earthquakes or winds.
Internal Forces: Forces originating from within the Earth's crust, such as mountain formation and volcanism.
International Time Map: Geographic representation of time zones.
International Time Zones: Time zones determined by 15° intervals of longitude.
Intrusive Igneous Rock: A type of rock formed by the cooling of magma within the Earth's crust.
Intrusive Igneous Rock Zone: Areas where magma crystallizes within the Earth's crust.
Intrusive Volcanism: A volcanic process in which magma rises and forms within the Earth's crust.
Irradiance Measurement: Measuring the amount of solar energy reaching a specific point.
Island: A piece of land completely surrounded by water.
Isobar Map: A line map used to show pressure distribution.
Isobars: Map lines connecting points with the same pressure value.
Isohyet: Curves connecting points of equal rainfall.
Isohyet Map: A line map used to show the distribution of precipitation.
Isohypse Map: A curved map used to show terrain elevations.
Isohypses: Curves connecting points at the same elevation.
Isoslope Map: A map connecting areas with the same slope.
Isotherm: A line connecting points having the same temperature.
Isothermal Zone: A geographic zone containing regions with the same average temperature.
Isothermal Zone Map: Geographical zone representation based on specific temperature averages.
Isotherm Map: A map showing the spatial distribution of temperature values.
Isotope Distribution Map: A display of radioactive or isotope concentrations.
Isotope Map: Thematic map showing areas of the same value with colors or lines.
J
Jackknife Resampling: A statistical technique used in spatial analysis and GIS to estimate the variability (variance and bias) of spatial data models by repeatedly re-calculating the model while omitting one data point at a time.
Japan Trench: An oceanic trench located in the northwest Pacific Ocean, a crucial feature studied in plate tectonics and geomorphology.
Jerk: In movement-based geography and physics (e.g., studying vehicle or tectonic motion), the rate of change of acceleration.
Jet Stream: A narrow, fast-flowing, high-altitude air current that influences global weather patterns and is fundamental to climatology.
Jetties: Man-made structures extending from the shore into a body of water to direct currents, prevent sediment deposition, or protect a harbor, studied in coastal geography.
Jitter: A method used in map visualization to slightly and randomly shift the positions of point data that are piled on top of each other, allowing all points to be visible.
Jobber: A middleman or wholesaler whose location, distribution network, and territory are key topics analyzed in economic and urban geography.
Joint (Geology): A fracture or crack in a rock mass along which no significant displacement or movement has occurred, a fundamental feature in structural geology and geomorphology.
Joint Distribution: A statistical concept used in spatial analysis to describe the probability of two or more random spatial variables occurring together at the same location or region.
Joule: The standard SI unit of energy and work, used in physical geography, particularly in calculating and modeling energy balance and thermodynamics.
Jubilee Line: A specific London Underground line often referenced as a case study in urban geography for transport planning and network analysis.
Junction: A critical point where two or more linear features—such as roads, railways, or rivers—converge, important in both transport geography and hydrography.
Jungle: A dense, tropical forest characterized by heavy undergrowth, a descriptive term used in biogeography and environmental geography.
Jurisdictional Boundary: A line on a map that delineates the extent of a political, administrative, or legal authority, essential in political cartography.
Jurassic Period: A major division of the geological time scale (≈201 to 145 million years ago) characterized by specific geographical and climatic conditions, key to paleogeography.
Just-in-Time (JIT): An inventory management and production strategy studied in economic geography concerning the location and efficiency of supply chains and manufacturing.
Jute: A natural fiber crop, important in agricultural geography for its global distribution and cultivation areas (e.g., South Asia).
Juvenile Water: In hydrology, water that is derived from deep within the Earth (e.g., magma) and is entering the surface hydrological cycle for the first time.
J-Curve: A graphical representation used in population geography and demography showing exponential growth, where a slow initial start is followed by a period of very rapid increase.
K
Karst: Landforms formed by the chemical dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone.
Karst Cave: An underground cavity formed by the dissolution of limestone.
Karst Plain: A broad-based plain formed by karst processes.
Karst Terrain: Terrain shaped by karst processes.
L
Lahar: A mudflow produced during volcanic eruptions.
Lahar Flow Map: Map showing areas followed by volcanic mudflows.
Lahar Risk Area: Areas with a high probability of volcanic mudflows.
Lake: A natural or artificial body of water on land.
Lake Area: The surface area of ​​lakes and bodies of water in a given area.
Lake Basin: The system of streams and fields that feed a lake.
Lake Depth: The vertical distance to the lake bottom.
Lake Sedimentation: The accumulation of sediment that settles to the lake bottom.
Landforms: Physical elements of the earth such as mountains, plains, plateaus.
Landforms Topography Map: The representation of physical elements such as mountains, plains and plateaus on a map.
Landform Thematic Map: A map that highlights the topographic features of a particular area.
Land Measurement: Calculating the size, boundaries and slope of the land.
Landsat: The general name for the US Earth-observing satellites.
Landscape: The visual environment created by natural and human elements.
Landscape Analysis: Visual examination of terrain appearance and topographic features.
Landscape Map: A map that visually depicts the topographic appearance of the land.
Landslide: A phenomenon in which soil is displaced by sliding due to gravity.
Landslide Zone: Area where the soil is at risk of sliding.
Land Slope: The angle that the land makes with the horizontal.
Land Use Map: A map showing the purposes for which people use land.
Large-scale Map: Maps where details are shown more clearly.
Large-scale Model: A model that provides a detailed three-dimensional representation of a small area.
Latitude: A measurement of location expressing the distance from the equator in degrees.
Latitude Difference: The difference in latitude between two points.
Layer: A sedimentary rock unit arranged horizontally or inclined.
Lightning: A sudden flash of light resulting from an electrical discharge in the atmosphere.
Light Pollution: The disruption of natural night darkness by artificial lights.
Light Pollution Map: Illustration of areas where artificial light sources affect the night environment.
Linear Settlement: A settlement pattern formed along linear elements such as streams and roads.
Line Scale: Scale line used to show distance on a map.
Lithosphere: The layer that contains the crust and the solid part of the upper mantle.
Lithosphere Map: A map showing the solid part of the Earth's crust and upper mantle.
Lithosphere Zone: The region of the Earth's crust and upper mantle that is solid.
Local Wind: Short-duration winds affecting certain small areas.
Longitude: Meridian lines on Earth.
Low-altitude Flight: A type of flight in which the aircraft operates at low altitude.
Low Earth Orbit Satellite: A satellite orbiting close to the Earth.
Low Pressure: An atmospheric area created by rising air movement.
Lutetium: A silvery-white metallic element among the rare earth elements in the periodic table.
Luvisol: A fertile soil type with clay accumulation.
Luvisol Map: Map showing the distribution of clay accumulation and fertile soil areas.
M
Magmatic Zone: The area where magma movements and volcanic activity are effective.
Magnetic Field Map: A map showing the magnetic field intensity of the Earth or a region.
Magnetic North: The point in the magnetic field towards which the compass needle points.
Map: A representation of the Earth's surface, drawn to a specific scale, from a bird's-eye view.
Mathematical Coordinate System: A method of determining location based on latitude and longitude measurements.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid substance turns into a liquid.
Mental Map: A map created by an individual in his/her memory, based on personal perception.
Mercury Barometer: An instrument used to measure air pressure.
Meridian Map: Representation of meridian lines on Earth.
Meridians: Imaginary lines connecting the poles.
Meteorological Station: A site established to measure and record weather phenomena.
Meteorology: The branch of science that studies short-term atmospheric phenomena.
Microclimate: Special climatic conditions occurring in a small area.
Microclimate Map: A map showing the distribution of specific climates in small areas.
Middle Zone Climate Map: Map showing climate types between 30°–60° latitudes.
Migration Area: An area where people or living things move frequently.
Moraine: Rock and soil material transported and deposited by glaciers.
Mountain Lake: A lake formed in a mountainous area.
Mountainous Area: A region of high and rugged terrain.
Mountain Pass: An area providing a passage between two mountains.
Mountain Range: A system of interconnected mountains.
Multi-layered Map: A map where different data and thematic information are displayed together.
Multi-layered Terrain Model: A model in which terrain features are displayed in different layers.
Multi-layer Modeling: 3D modeling for terrain and structures in different layers.
Multiple Data Collection: Obtaining data from different sources simultaneously.
Multiplying Factor: The ratio used in map scaling.
Multiprojection: Comparing or combining different map projections.
Multi-sensor Based Mapping: Integrated map creation with different sensors.
Multi-sensor Integration: The process of combining different data sources.
N
Natural Disaster: Destructive natural events beyond human control.
Natural Reserve Area: A protected area with natural resources.
Neogeography: The totality of geographical analyses conducted with modern technologies (e.g. GIS).
Neogeography Applications: Use of modern GIS and data visualization techniques.
Net Radiation: The difference between incident and reflected radiation; indicates the amount of energy reaching the surface.
Net Radiation Map: Regional distribution of the amount of energy reaching the surface.
Nickel: One of the geochemical elements, commonly found in igneous rocks.
Northern Hemisphere: The half of the Earth north of the Equator.
Northern Hemisphere Map: map showing the northern half of the Earth.
O
​Object-based Analysis: Object-based data analysis in photogrammetry or GIS.
Object-based Data Collection: An object-oriented measurement and data collection method.
Object-based Modeling: Creating object-based 3D models for terrain or structures.
Object Coordinate Determination: Determining the position of objects on the terrain or model.
Object Data Collection: The process of obtaining data about objects for photogrammetry and GIS.
Object Data Integration: Combining data from different sources.
Object Data Verification: Checking measurement or model data.
Object Density Map: A map showing density distribution in topography or terrain analysis.
Object Density Measurement: Density measurement of objects on the field or on the model.
Object Detail Analysis: Examining object details on a map or model.
Object Distribution Map: A map showing the distribution of objects or entities on the terrain.
Object Height Measurement: Determining the height of terrain or objects above the ground.
Object Measurement Point: Reference point in mapping and photogrammetry studies.
Object Modeling Software: Software used for 3D modeling and mapping.
Object Model Verification: Checking the accuracy of the 3D model or terrain data.
Object Motion Analysis: Study of the motion of aircraft or aircraft.
Object Motion Modeling: Simulation of the motion of aircraft or objects.
Object Motion Simulation: Computer simulation of air or ground vehicles.
Object Perspective Analysis: Analysis of the angle of view on a photograph or model.
Object Placement: Positioning of objects in mapping or modeling studies.
Object Reference System: The coordinate system used in measurements.
Object Sensitivity Analysis: Checking the accuracy of measuring devices or data.
Object Shape Analysis: Geometric analysis on topography or aircraft.
Object Shape Classification: Classification of terrain or object geometry.
Object Size Measurement: Determining object dimensions in field or aerial photographs.
Object Volume Calculation: Volume measurement by photogrammetry or modeling.
Object Volume Distribution: Analysis of object volume distribution in 3D model or terrain data.
Observation Network: A system for collecting meteorological or environmental data.
Observation Station: A fixed measuring point where meteorological observations are made.
Observation Station Network: Geographic distribution of meteorological observation points.
Ore: A mineral-containing rock in the Earth's crust that has economic value.
Orographic Precipitation: The rising air mass cooling down on the mountain slopes and leaving precipitation.
Orographic Precipitation map: Map showing the distribution of precipitation on mountain slopes.
Ozone Layer: A layer of the atmosphere that filters harmful UV rays from the sun.
Ozone Layer Map: Thematic map showing ozone concentration in the atmosphere.
P
Parallels: Imaginary lines running parallel to the equator and used to determine latitude.
Pebble Measurement: Measuring stone sizes in streams or coastal areas.
Peculiar Rock: A specific geological structure common only in a certain region.
Peneplain: An almost completely flat area of ​​land formed by erosion.
Peneplain Map: Topographic representation of flattened land.
Physical Map: A type of map that shows landforms with elevation differences.
Physical Map Scale: The scale used to show landforms.
Physical Topography: The study of the natural structure of landforms.
Plain: A large, flat land surface.
Plains Map: A map showing the distribution of flat, extensive land surfaces.
Plain Topography Map: Topographic representation of flat and low-lying lands.
Plateau: Large land masses that are elevated and flat compared to their surroundings.
Plateau Topography Map: Topographic representation of high and flat lands.
Plutonic Rocks: Rocks formed by the cooling of magma deep within the Earth's crust.
Plutonic Rock Zones: Distribution areas of deep igneous rocks.
Polje: A broad-based depression seen in karst regions.
Polje Map: Map showing the distribution of karst depression areas.
Population Density: It refers to the number of people per unit area.
Population Density Map: A thematic map showing the density of people in a given area.
Population Distribution Analysis: The geographical study of human settlements.
Positive Landform: Forms such as mountains, hills, and plateaus that create elevation.
Presence Map: Shows the spatial presence of certain natural or cultural elements.
Pressure: The weight of the air on the earth's surface.
Prevailing Wind: A type of wind that blows frequently in a particular direction.
Production Distribution Map: Geographic representation of industrial, agricultural and energy production areas.
Production Map: Thematic map showing industry, agriculture or energy production.
Productive Area: Geographic areas where raw materials are extracted or produced.
Projection: A method of transferring a spherical surface onto a plane.
Projection Analysis: Projecting and measuring the terrain surface onto the map plane.
Projection Type Map: Shows the methods of transferring the spherical surface to the plane.
Q
Qualitative Data: Non-numeric, descriptive geographic data.
Qualitative Data Analysis: Examining and classifying non-numeric geographic data.
Quarry Zone: Areas where minerals or natural resources are found.
Quaternary: The most recent period on the geologic time scale.
Quaternary Zone: An area of ​​geological formation belonging to the Quaternary period.
R
Radiation: Solar energy reaching the earth in waves.
Radioactive Age Map: A map showing the distribution of rocks and fossils according to their ages.
Radioactive Dating: A method used to determine the age of fossils or rocks.
Regional Climate: The climatic conditions prevailing in a particular area.
Regional Map: A map of a large area made for administrative or analytical purposes.
Regional Planning: The process of systematically organizing land use.
Regional Satellite Imagery: Data collected by satellite focused on a specific area.
Regional Topography: Detailed mapping of the landforms of an area.
Relative Elevation Map: Shows the distribution of land elevations relative to the surrounding area.
Relative Height: The height of a point relative to its surroundings.
Relief: The name given to all shapes on the earth.
Relief Analysis: Detailed study and classification of landforms.
Relief Map: A type of map that shows elevations and depressions.
Ria Type Coast: An indented coastal form formed by the flooding of ancient river valleys.
Ridge: The elevation between two valleys.
Rift Valley: A depression formed by the opening of the lithosphere to two sides.
Rift Zone: Areas where the lithosphere tends to open.
River: A large stream with a high flow rate and a wide channel.
River Basin: The area where a river and its tributaries collect their waters.
River Basin Map: Shows the areas formed by the river and its tributaries.
River Delta: The accumulation area formed by rivers flowing into the sea.
River Valley: A long, narrow depression formed by the erosion of rivers.
Rock: Solid mineral assemblages that form the Earth's crust.
Rock Analysis: The study of the properties of minerals and rocks that make up the Earth's crust.
Rock Classification: Grouping of rocks according to their mineral and formation properties.
Route: The path followed between a specific starting point and destination.
Route Planning Map: Representation of paths followed between specific starting and destination points.
Runoff Coefficient: The rate at which precipitation is converted into surface runoff.
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S
Saros: Local vortex-like air movement caused by winds.
Satellite Observation Map: Geographic representation of earth observation using satellite data.
Satellites: Vehicles placed into orbit for the purpose of observing or communicating with the Earth.
Scale: The ratio that expresses the real equivalent of the lengths on the map.
Scale Map: A map that shows actual lengths and distances to a certain extent.
Scatter Map: A type of map that shows the spatial distribution of certain data.
Schematic Contour Map: A simple representation of complex geographic information.
Schematic Map: A type of map that presents complex information in a simplified manner.
Schist: One of the metamorphic rocks, known for its foliated texture.
Schist Rock Zones: Distribution areas of metamorphic rocks.
Sea Current: A constantly moving water current in oceans and seas.
Sea Level: The average height of the sea surface is used as a reference in measuring altitude.
Settlement Density Map: Shows the area distribution of human settlements.
Settlement Geography: A sub-branch of geography that examines the relationship between human settlements and nature.
Shelf Area: Shallow areas under the sea at the continental margin.
Shore Arrow: A shape formed by the accumulation of sand carried by waves and currents in front of a bay.
Simplified Map: A map that simplifies complex data.
Sinkhole Map: Map showing the distribution of karst sinkholes.
Sinkholes: Deep pits formed by the collapse of underground cavities in karst regions.
Slag: Material that is ejected in volcanic eruptions and solidifies upon cooling.
Slope: The sloping surface between two different elevations.
Slope Classification: A method of dividing terrain slopes into categories.
Slope Map: A map showing the slope degrees of the land surface.
Slope Profile: A graphic or drawing representation of the slope of the land.
Slope Ratio: The ratio of the elevation difference on the land surface to the horizontal distance.
Sloping Land: Land with a distinct elevation difference on the surface.
Sloping Surface Model: A model that shows the terrain slope in three dimensions.
Smart Map: Interactive and data-driven digital map.
Spatial Analysis: Comparing geographic data based on location.
Spatial Data Visualization: Displaying geographic data with maps or graphs.
Specific Heat: The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1°C.
Specific Heat Distribution Map: Shows the unit mass heat capacities of different materials.
Stagnant Water: A body of water such as a lake or pond without a current.
Steep Slope: A steep, steep land surface.
Steppe: Natural vegetation seen in the middle zone, dry in summer and covered with short grasses.
Steppe Vegetation Map: Representation of arid and short-grass covered areas in the middle zone.
Stream: A natural body of water flowing along a channel on the earth's surface.
Stream Bed: A naturally formed channel of water flow.
Stream Network: The entire network of streams in a geographic area.
Stream Regime: The flow pattern of the stream throughout the year.
Strip Map: Maps made to show linear elements such as roads or rivers.
Strip Map Analysis: Detailed map representation of linear elements (road, river).
Subtropical Zone: A generally hot and semi-arid climate zone located between 20–40° latitude.
Subtropical Zone Map: Representation of the climate zone between 20–40° latitude.
Success Metric: Criteria used in map or data analysis.
Summit: The highest point of a mountain or hill.
Sunshine Duration: The amount of time an area receives direct sunlight during the day.
Surface Feature Map: A type of thematic map showing shapes such as mountains, valleys, and plains.
Surface Runoff: The flow of rain or melting snow water over the ground surface.
Sustainable Land Use Map: Map showing efficient and conscious land use.
T
Tafoni: A wind-induced hollow surface formation on a rock surface.
Tafoni Formation Map: Distribution of wind-induced hollow surfaces.
Taiga: Coniferous forest cover seen in cold climate zones.
Taiga Vegetation Map: Representation of cold zone coniferous forest areas.
Tectonic Movement: Structural movements such as fracturing and folding of the Earth's crust.
Tectonic Movement Analysis: Study of fracturing, folding, and plate movements.
Temperate Climate: A type of climate found in the middle zone that is neither too hot nor too cold.
Temperate Climate Zone Map: Map showing climate types in the moderate zone.
Temperate Oceanic Climate: A maritime climate with moderate temperatures and rainfall throughout the year.
Temperature: The degree of thermal energy in the air.
Temperature Difference: The temperature change between day and night or summer and winter.
Temperature Distribution Map: A map showing temperature differences over a given area.
Temperature Inequality: The difference in temperature between different regions of the Earth.
Terrain Model: A 3D digital representation of the terrain.
Thermal Pressure: Air pressure resulting from temperature difference.
Three-dimensional Map: Relief maps in which elevations are shown realistically.
Three-dimensional Relief map: A map that shows elevations realistically.
Time Zone: Time zones of the Earth divided into 15° intervals of longitude.
Time Zone Map: A geographic representation of time zones around the world.
Top Layer: The most fertile part of the soil where plant roots are densely located.
Topographic Map: A map that visualizes surface features and elevation differences.
Topography: The totality of surface forms and elevation differences in a region.
Topsoil Map: Shows the distribution of fertile soil layers.
Transportation Map: A map showing transportation networks such as roads, railways, and airways.
Transportation Network Map: Detailed display of road, rail and air connections.
Tropic: The northernmost and southernmost limits where the sun's rays fall directly.
Tropic Line: The line of latitude where the sun's rays strike directly.
Tsunami: Giant sea waves resulting from earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Tsunami Risk Map: Illustration of giant wave areas that may occur due to earthquakes and volcanic effects.
U
Ultraviolet Ray Map: Shows the regional distribution of UV rays from the sun.
Ultraviolet Rays: Ultraviolet rays from the sun that are invisible to the naked eye.
Unified Surveying System: Integration of different data sources in cartography.
Unit Area: The standard size of an area used in land measurements.
Unit Layer: The basic layer used for data representation in GIS.
Unit Length: The standard unit of length used as a reference in measurements.
Unit of Measurement: The standard unit of measurement in photogrammetry or GIS.
Upper Basin: The region of a stream close to its source.
Upper Basin Topography: The elevation and slope representation of the areas at the source of the river.
Upper Mantle: The upper region of the mantle layer beneath the Earth's crust.
Upper Mantle Analysis Map: Geological representation of the upper part of the mantle.
Urbanization: The expansion of urban areas as the rural population migrates to cities.
Urbanization Map: Shows the growth and distribution of urban areas.
Urban-type Settlement Map: Representation of scattered and agricultural settlement areas.
V
Valley: Long, narrow depressions formed by the erosion of streams.
Valley Map: Topographic and planimetry representation of river valleys.
Valley Type Settlement: Linear settlement pattern established along valleys.
Valley Type Settlement Analysis: Map representation of settlement patterns established along valleys.
Vegetation: The natural plant community in a given area.
Vertical Axis: The axis that shows elevation on maps or diagrams.
Vertical Axis Scale: The scale used to represent elevation on a graph or map.
Vertical Orientation: The vertical orientation on the map or model.
Vertical Profile: Section of land or structure in the direction of elevation.
Vertical Section: A vertical view of terrain or geological layers.
Vertical Velocity: The vertical velocity of air or water movements.
Viaduct: A bridge spanning valleys.
Viaduct Topography: Representation of bridges over valleys and elevation differences.
Viscosity: The degree of fluidity of magma.
Viscosity Measurement Map: Representation of the regional distribution of magma fluidity.
Visitor Carrying Capacity Map: Representation of sustainable visitor numbers in natural areas.
Visual Analysis: Evaluation of satellite imagery and aerial photographs.
Volcanic Activity Map: Geographic representation of magma eruptions and their effects.
Volcanic Cone: A cone-shaped elevation formed by volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic Rock: Extrusive igneous rocks formed by the cooling of lava.
Volcanic Rock Distribution Map: Shows the regional distribution of extrusive igneous rocks.
Volcanism: The process of magma rising from the Earth's crust to the surface.
Volcano: A landform where magma erupts to the surface.
W
Warning Map: Maps used for informational purposes against natural disasters or hazards.
Waterfall: A landform where a stream falls from a height.
Waterfall Topography Map: Representation of areas where the stream falls from a height.
Weathering: The process of breaking down rocks by physical and chemical effects.
Weathering Zone: The layer where soil and rocks are weathered.
Weather Map: A map showing atmospheric conditions in a particular area.
Weather Station: A measuring point where meteorological data are collected.
West Wind: A type of wind that blows from west to east.
Wetland Map: A map showing the distribution of marshes, lakes, and wetlands.
Wetlands: Areas of wetlands, swamps, or slushy soil.
Wind: Horizontal movement of air from high pressure to low pressure.
Wind Distribution Map: A map showing wind directions and speeds in specific areas.
Wind Erosion: The process of eroding the surface by wind-borne sand and dust.
Wind Erosion Areas: Areas where sand and dust transport is intense.
Wind Rose: A type of diagram showing wind direction and frequency.
Wind Rose Diagram Map: A map that visualizes wind direction and frequency.
Y
Yard: A unit of linear measure equal to 0.9144 meters, historically significant in British and American surveying and cartography.
Y-Axis: The vertical axis on a two-dimensional graph or map grid system (such as a Cartesian coordinate system), typically representing the north-south direction or the coordinate.
Year: The time it takes for the Earth to complete one orbit around the Sun (approximately 365.25 days), a fundamental unit in climatology and temporal geography.
Yellowstone Caldera: A massive volcanic feature in Wyoming, USA, often studied in geomorphology and volcanology as an example of a supervolcano.
Yield: In agricultural geography and resource management, the measure of output (e.g., crop harvest) per unit area of land.
Yom Kippur War: A major geopolitical conflict in 1973, often studied in political geography for its impact on regional boundaries and resource control (oil).
Y-Coordinate: The numerical value along the vertical axis (Y-axis) in a planar coordinate system, used to precisely locate a point on a map.
Younging Direction: In structural geology and geomorphology, the direction in which rock layers become progressively younger; used when creating geological maps.
Youthful Stage: In the Davisian cycle of erosion, the initial stage of landscape development characterized by steep slopes, V-shaped valleys, and high relief, studied in geomorphology.
Yurt: A portable, circular dwelling traditionally used by nomads in Central Asia, studied in cultural and settlement geography.
Yukon Territory: A vast, northern territory of Canada, often studied in regional geography for its subarctic climate, permafrost, and resource industries.
Y-Grid: A general term referring to any coordinate system where the vertical lines (parallels to the Y-axis) form part of the reference system for plotting points on a map.
Y-Grid Line: A specific line on a map grid running parallel to the Y-axis, used as a reference for east-west distance in a system like UTM or State Plane.
Y-Shape: A common term used in transport geography to describe a road or railway intersection where three branches meet at a junction.
Yucatán Peninsula: A region in southeastern Mexico, known for its unique karst topography and cenotes, studied in physical geography and hydrogeology.
Yards Per Ton: A unit of measurement sometimes used in mining geography or geology to express the concentration or richness of an ore body.
Yeast: A type of microbe, relevant to biogeography and agricultural geography due to its role in soil ecology and food production dependent on local climate.
Yemen: A country in the Middle East, studied in political geography and development geography for its historical and contemporary geopolitical issues.
Y-Pattern Drainage: A simplified description of a dendritic drainage pattern where tributaries join the main river in a branching manner that often resembles the letter Y.
Z
Zigzag Valley Topography: Representation of folded valley structures on a map.
Zonal Soil: A type of soil formed by climate influences and spread over large areas.
Zonal Soil Distribution Map: Regional distribution of soils formed under the influence of climate.
Zone: A zone or region defined according to a certain feature.
Zygomorphic Structures: Non-symmetrical natural shapes; limited use in geography, but may be included in biogeography.
At Cartographero, we always keep this dictionary up-to-date for anyone interested in learning geography terms and their meanings. Those looking for a glossary of aviation terms can also benefit from this page!